Study into education and people with disabilities Free Essays

This essay will look at what supports are available for the parents of a five twelvemonth old male child with a physical disablement to enable him to go to mainstream school. The essay will look briefly at the historical position sing instruction and people with disablements, how constructs such as standardization and inclusion impacted on the integrating of people with disablements in mainstream school, therefore the term mainstreaming and the policies and supports that run alongside these constructs and if these policies are brooding of a rights based attack. Commissariats are in topographic point for kids below school age ( up to age 6 ) with physical disablements to go to particular pre-schools that have installations that support their demands ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Study into education and people with disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now But commissariats are non in topographic point for pre-school services within mainstream schools hence in relation to this subject the term school will associate to primary mainstream schools. Main Body In the Census 2002 it was estimated that about 324,000 people in the population were populating with a disablement ( National Disability Authority, on the Web, neodymium ) . Disability in relation to people is considered to be a â€Å" limitation in their capacity to take part in economic, societal or cultural life on history of a physical, centripetal, acquisition, mental wellness or emotional damage † ( Commission on the Status of People with Disabilities ( 1996 ) cited in Finnerty and Collins, 2005:277 ) . McDonnell ( 2003:28 ) suggests that disablement is non the existent â€Å" damage † but really the barriers within society that dis-enable the individual to take part within mainstream society. Harmonizing to Barnes and Mercer ( 2003 ) the political and societal perceptual experiences of people with disablements was challenged from the 1960 ‘s onwards in that the general position at the clip was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions. These perceptual experiences were challenged by disablement groups on achieving rights that were attributed to other citizens to besides be attributed for people with disablements. One of the challenges to the traditionally held positions of disablement is the construct of standardization which Walmsley ( 1997 ) provinces was developed by Nirje ( 1969 ) to foreground that people with disablements should hold chances to bask the mundane happenings of life. In that what is the norm for the bulk should be available to people with disablements ( Mitchell 2004 ) . A cardinal component within standardization is inclusion ( Walmsley, 1997 ) . Inclusion became a cardinal component in the development of an integrated educational system ( Finnerty and Collins, 2005 ) . A cardinal factor in inclusion is to take the invisibleness that surrounded people with disablements in the yesteryear and that programmes such as incorporate instruction are a manner of leting kids with disablements to hold a more seeable and positive profile ( Dare and O’Donovan, 2002 ) . The Warnock Report ( 1978 ) cited in Dare and O’Donovan ( 2002 ) reviewed the educational demands of kids with disablements and found that kids with disablements should go to a mainstream school unless it could non supply satisfactorily for their peculiar demands. Education in the early 1900 ‘s was within a unintegrated format of particular schools for people with disablements that reinforced their exclusion from mainstream society. The construct of mainstreaming in which kids with particular demands were catered for within mainstream schools was introduced in Ireland in the 1970 ‘s and was regarded as a more appropriate manner of supplying incorporate instruction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . But this proviso for particular educational demands within mainstream school still created exclusion in that the format was through particular demands categories and still created distinction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . Although harmonizing to the Salamanca Statement ( 1994 ) on instruction for people with disablements, inclusion was regarded as proviso within mainstream schools ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Rights Based Approach The European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have â€Å" a right to independence, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community † ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) : and that it places an burden on its member provinces to set in topographic point supports that overcomes barriers to inclusion and engagement. Unfortunately this Charter has merely been signed off by a few member provinces and that the rights included within it have no legal demand. Harmonizing to Lawson ( on the Web, neodymium ) the rights based attack with respect to disablement provinces that people with disablements should hold the same rights as the bulk and that in order to accomplish this that three factors are cardinal. Engagement in their community should non be limited by social barriers such as attitudes towards disablement, or limited by handiness of supports. Engagement is affected by handiness. In that public services should be inclusive with respect to supplying entree for all, for illustration that public conveyance make proper adjustments for the demands of people with disablements. Underscoring the constructs of engagement and handiness are that authorities societal policies allow proviso for disablement issues within mainstream policy formation instead than specific disablement policies which in their nature create greater segregation of people with disablements. ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007:521 ) when services for people with disablements are still determined within a â€Å" societal public assistance theoretical account † in that the handiness of services are still decided by public organic structures that a rights based attack is non in topographic point. The rights based attack theoretical account would propose that the rights of a individual with disablements are specified in jurisprudence and that a deficiency of this proviso of those rights should let for resort through the general legal system. In Ireland there are presently three models for proviso of instruction for people with disablements, foremost the pupil can go to mainstream school with support from a resource instructor or particular demands helper. The 2nd option is the pupil can go to a particular category within the mainstream school or thirdly the pupil may go to a school designated as a particular school with supports for peculiar disablements ( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Assorted statute laws have impacted on the proviso of instruction. The Constitution of Ireland ( 1937 ) states that every kid should hold entree to instruction ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Education Act ( 1998 ) The Education Act ( 1998 ) stated that instruction was to be provided for all kids and specifically references that kids with particular educational demands be provided for and â€Å" have the same right to avail of and benefit from appropriate instruction as do their equals † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:79 ) . The Education Act ( 1998 ) allowed that support would be available for extra educational resources such as appraisals of pupils, proficient AIDSs but these excessively were assessed as to what was appropriate and were non an automatic entitlement ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . The Act besides provided for the puting up of the National Council for Special Education that would move as an independent administration that would within its maps co-ordinate the allotment of educational supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Act ( 1998 ) stated that kids with disablements had a right to education but the term â€Å" appropriate † allowed for measuring based on what resources were available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) . Therefore this would propose that the Act was non rights based in that the proviso of supports were decided non by factors of engagement or inclusion but by resources. Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) The Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) although its chief purpose was to advance attending at schools, is of effect to kids with disablements in that many kids with disablements are non go toing schools because no appropriate school is available. The enrollment procedure within the Act allows that such kids that are being schooled at place are to be assessed by the Health Service Executive to guarantee that the kid is having a criterion of instruction expected, although there is no index of the expected minimal criterion for kids with disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) and ( 2004 ) The Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) amended in ( 2004 ) promoted equality and prohibited favoritism in relation to entree and proviso of services with respect to nine factors of which favoritism because of disablement is one ( Government of Ireland, 2000 ) . In relation to education this considers admittance policies, entree for the pupil to school, edifice or supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the Act besides states that favoritism can non be considered if it is judged that â€Å" sensible adjustment † was made to let for entree or a â€Å" disproportional load † would be placed on the service supplier to do adjustments, ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) . For illustration in relation to the scenario, the kid that has the physical disablement might non be able to go to his local primary school because although adjustments such as a incline were installed, that in order to supply other adjustments that it would put a disproportio nal load on the school. Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quinn and Redmond ( 2005:145 ) suggests that the entree right besides relates to back up that provide for â€Å" engagement in the societal and cultural life of the community † . Therefore certainly the attending at a local school could be seen as a agency of inclusion for the male child and that exclusion by the school because of no duty to supply services beyond their resources could be considered a misdemeanor of rights with respect to entree as per Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quin and Redmond ( 2005 ) . But the fact that the proviso of services is non rights based eliminates the duty of the school to supply services beyond their resources ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) set out through its purposes of appropriate instruction, appraisal of identifying of demand, single instruction programs, general allotment system and entreaties to present inclusive instruction for kids with particular educational demands. The Act set out that schools have a responsibility to include kids with particular educational demands and that adjustments are to be made to let inclusion, that the school principal in peculiar had a function to place kids with particular educational demands and arrange appraisal. The appraisal would let the school to use for extra support ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A â€Å" General allotment system † was established that would apportion lasting instructor stations based on the degree of high incidence disablements within the school and the allotment of hours for resource instructors or particular demands helpers for low incidence disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:41 ) . Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Act stated that the school in partnership with the parents and other professionals would pull up an single educational program to let for the instruction of the kid. The school could be designated by the National Council for Special Education to supply a topographic point in their school for a kid. The Act besides introduced that parents could inform the instructors if they were unhappy with the instruction provided for their kid and that the school was required to turn to this issue. The procedure of entreaties and an Appeals Board was set up to let for referral of differences and possible declaration of differences ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A study by the National Disability Authority ( 2006 ) to reexamine the EPSEN Act ( 2004 ) highlighted assorted facets that were positive and negative. That the General Allocation System was positive in general in that it recognised that supports were needed. But that establishing allotment on degree of high incidence disablements in attending could ensue that pupils that are non within the high-incidence bracket will lose supports that otherwise let them to go to mainstream schools. For illustration described within the low incidence disablements are physical disablement, hearing damage, moderate general acquisition disablement and autism. Concern was raised by parents that kids that were described within high incidence disablements would be more likely to be go toing particular schools that would be more able to supply for their demands. Therefore the degree of high incidence attending would be by and large low in mainstream schools which would impact on allotment of resources as pe r the General Allocation system ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The study stated that the disablements listed within low incidences does non reflect the diverseness of demand sing supports for integrative instruction and that the General Allocation System by its nature excludes instead than includes ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Many parents report that entree to mainstream schools for their kids with particular educational demands is hard in that the appraisal of demand for kids is the necessity of the Health Service Executive. Parents are holding jobs deriving appraisal and secondly that the waiting clip for such appraisals is long ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The appraisal of demand will non needfully measure up that the kid can so travel to a local school in that the school may non be able to supply the adjustments required. With respect to kids with physical disablements the perceptual experience seems to be that if the school provides a incline that it has provided sufficient supports. That the burden is non on schools due to allotment of resources to supply services that have been assessed as needed by the kid and can ensue in the kid being marginalised and excluded if the kid were to stay in mainstream school. Besides that the general physical environment within mainstream schools was non needfully suited to the demands of a kid with disablements and that the inclusion within the school would non be in the kid ‘s best involvements. The assessment procedure is harder to entree for Particular Schools unless they are portion of a clinic that has a resident psychologist. The assessment procedure is in itself labelling in that the p erceptual experience of appraisal of demand automatically deduce an educational restriction within the kid which may non be the instance ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The inclusive construct of the EPSEN ( 2004 ) was positive in that it gave kids with disablements an chance to socialize with their equals but that the deficiency of supports consequence in exclusion as the kid can non to the full incorporate without these supports ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . An inclusive educational system provides for the diverse demands of all the kids in attending and by offering different supports for the kids needs it celebrates diverseness and encourages engagement harmonizing to Florian and Rouse ( 2009 ) . But allotments based on available resources could propose that the Act has failed in its purposes of inclusion ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The troubles in deriving entree and supports has resulted that the duty frequently falls to the parents of kids with disablements to supply the educational support ( Power, 2008 ) . Besides the Act states that the particular needs helpers will hold no function in proviso of instruction but th e proviso of attention for the kid ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the functions of the particular demand helpers have become education proviso in that resources have impacted on educational supports and that the particular needs helpers are non trained for this function ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . It had been forecasted that the Act would be implemented by 2010 budgetary restraints have delayed the execution of many elements of the Act ( National Council for Special Education, 2008 ) . The system of specifying low-incidence and high-incidence is non rights based in that it does non turn to the single demands of the kid regardless of what incidence they are within and that the allotment of extra resources such as instructors, particular needs helpers and resource support instructors based on the incidences of grades of disablement is non declarative of an participatory programme. The General Allocation System is non rights based in that the system of allotment of resources based on figure of kids with high incidence disablements is prejudiced towards the kids with disablements within the low incidence bracket ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Disability Act ( 2005 ) The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although non straight linked to instruction does hold mention in that it provided for the right to supply for an appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction, roll uping a service statement, but it does non automatically imply proviso of services to fit demands. Besides the right to appeal determinations sing appraisal and service statement but that there was no resort through the legal system ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although supplying for appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction have non allocated a minimal degree of service bringing as per the Irish Human Rights Commission ( 2004 ) cited in De Wispelaere and Walsh, ( 2007 ) . That although the appraisal of demand is a definite right that it is undermined by the clause that the Service Statement after the Assessment Report allows that services may non be provided if it is â€Å" non possible or practical to supply † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) and would therefore suggest that the Act is non rights based statute law. Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) with respect to the Disabiltiy Act ( 2005 ) that although a right to appeal is mentioned that the entreaty procedure is drawn-out, in that an entreaty will hold to be addressed by a liaison officer, ailments officer, and entreaties officer whereby the determination made is concluding and that so the lone resort is an entreaty through the High Court. That a individual with a disablement is prevented from availing of an independent justice such as an Ombudsman until the internal entreaty procedure is completed suggests that the entreaties procedure is â€Å" dis-abling † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:534 ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) the rights based attack that proviso of services should be a legal right based on demand appraisal has two defects. First that the outlook of bringing of services could ensue in a continual demand on public resources. Second that the warrant of bringing of service could be considered to â€Å" undemocratic † if the proviso of â€Å" disablement rights † were to dispute the rights of a authorities to make up one’s mind â€Å" economic and societal policies † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:523 ) . They proposed that a rights based attack should instead than guarantee that all demands are met, that people with disablements should wish the bulk of people have the right to dispute when services are non in topographic point through the general legal system. With respect to the scenario at the start of the essay for the parents of a male child aged five to go to his local primary school and what supports would be available to him. The Disability Act ( 2005 ) allows that the male child ‘s demands are to be assessed but that the bringing of services will be dependent on the equal resources available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Therefore the kid might be assessed to hold a peculiar demand but it would non be the duty of the local primary school to supply the services required for his demand if it was beyond their abilities and resources. The fact that there is no legal demand on a service supplier to guarantee service bringing that would let this male child to go to the school would propose that there is no rights-based attack with respect to disablement statute law and policies in Ireland ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Decision Legislation has been put in topographic point within the Irish system that aims to supply instruction for people with disablements. In order to to the full take part entree to instruction and acquisition is overriding but it would look that the rights of the individual with a disablement to hold an equal opportunity of full instruction is determined by standards that measures degrees of disablement instead than diverseness of demand and that adjustment of supports is determined non as a right but as to what resources will be deemed appropriate by Government Departments. Besides that the purposes of the statute law to turn to peculiar issues sing instruction of people with disablements are weakened by the inclusion of clauses such as â€Å" sensible adjustment † and â€Å" disproportional load † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) and would propose that the right to instruction is non as clear cut for kids with disablements. Besides disablement rights in Ireland have non received a unequivocal standard sing which rights must be protected and to what grade and that in order to be genuinely rights based this must be the instance ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Mention Listing Barnes, C. , and Mercer, G. , ( 2003 ) , Cardinal Concepts: Disability, Cambridge: Polity Press. Dare, A. , and O’Donovan, M. , ( 2002 ) , Good Practice in Caring for Young Children with Special Needs, ( 2nd ed. ) , Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. De Wispelaere, J. , and Walsh, J. , ( 2007 ) , ‘Disability Rights in Ireland: History of a Lost Opportunity ‘ , Irish Political Studies, 22, ( 4 ) 517-543. Finnerty, K. and Collins, B. , ( 2005 ) , ‘Social Care and Disability ‘ in Share, P. , and McElwee, N. , Applied Social Care An Introduction for Irish Students, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. Florian, L. , and Rouse, M. , ( 2009 ) , ‘ The Inclusive Practice Project in Scotland: Teacher Education for inclusive instruction ‘ , Teaching and Teacher Education, 25, ( 4 ) , 594 – 601 available from hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.sciencedirect.com.acpmil02web.ancheim.ie/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6VD8-4VS3P0D-2-1 A ; _cdi=5976 A ; _user=885332 A ; _pii=S0742051X09000353 A ; _origin=search A ; _coverDate=05 % 2F31 % 2F2009 A ; _sk=999749995 A ; view=c A ; wchp=dGLzVzb-zSkWb A ; md5=c293d3d6d7d0f038a88dbfde27e20cea A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf. [ Accessed 22 October, 2010 ] . Government of Ireland, ( 2000 ) , Equal Status Act, Dublin: Government Stationery Office. Lawson, A. , ( neodymium ) , The EU Rights Based Approach to Disability Some Strategies for Determining an Inclusive Society available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.make-development-inclusive.org/docsen/RBADisability.pdf [ accessed 19 October, 2010 ] . McDonnell, P. , ( 2003 ) , ‘Education Policy ‘ , in Quin, S. , and Redmond, B. , Disability A ; Social Policy in Ireland, Dublin: University College Dublin Press. Mitchell, D. , ( 2004 ) , Particular Educational Needs and Inclusive Education: Systems and Contexts, London: Routledge Falmer. National Council for Particular Education ( 2006 ) , Implementation Report: Plan for the Phased Execution of the EPSEN Act 2004, available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncse.ie/publications/Reports.asp [ accessed 19 October, 2010 ] . National Council for Special Education, ( 2008 ) , Annual Report, available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncse.ie/docs/2008 % 20Annual % 20Report.pdf. [ accessed 25 October, 2010 ] . National Disability Authority on the Web, ( neodymium ) Census, available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nda.ie/cntmgmtnew.nsf/0/5419C80ECE72C05D802570C8003E1D36/ $ File/02_equality.htm [ accessed 17 October, 2010 ] . National Disability Authority, ( 2005 ) , Disability Agenda Issue 2.2 – Education and Disability available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nda.ie/website/nda/cntmgmtnew.nsf/0/9262573A6838EE2780257089003D259F? OpenDocument [ accessed 10 November, 2010 ] . National Disability Authority, ( 2006 ) , Particular Education proviso for kids with disablements in Irish primary schools – the positions of stakeholders available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nda.ie/cntmgmtnew.nsf/0/5B4CE56E1452B0E18025717E00525CDE/ $ File/primary_ed_report_04.htm [ accessed 20 October, 2010 ] . Power, A. , ( 2008 ) , ‘Caring for independent lives: Geographies of caring for immature grownups with rational disablements ‘ , Social Science and Medicine, 67, ( 5 ) , 834 – 843, available from hypertext transfer protocol: //0-www.sciencedirect.com.acpmil02web.ancheim.ie/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6VBF-4STCNP5-8-1 A ; _cdi=5925 A ; _user=885332 A ; _pii=S027795360800275X A ; _origin=search A ; _coverDate=09 % 2F30 % 2F2008 A ; _sk=999329994 A ; view=c A ; wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkzk A ; md5=de26d19922edfedcd2473611744c2216 A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf. [ accessed 25 October, 2010 ] . Quin, S. , and Redmond, B. , ( 2005 ) , ‘Disability and Social Policy ‘ in Quin, S. , Kennedy, P. , Matthews, A. , and Kiely, G. , Contemporary Irish Social Policy, ( 2nd ed. ) , Dublin: University College Dublin Press. Walmsley, J. , ( 1997 ) , ‘Including Peoples with Learning Troubles: Theory and Practice ‘ , in Barton, L. and Oliver, M. , Disability Studies: Past, Present and Future, Leeds: The Disability Press. How to cite Study into education and people with disabilities, Essay examples

Employee Absenteeism Is a Well Recognized - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How To Employee Absenteeism Is A Well Recognized? Answer: Introduction In any organisation, employee absenteeism is a well-recognised problem due to fixed work schedules. Absenteeism can be defined as failure of employee to report to work as per schedule irrespective of the reason. This behaviour can be caused by several reasons such a sick leave, occupational deviance, bereavement and other situations. If absenteeism at work place increases, it affects a business in many ways. It may include global incidence, direct cost, service quality and indirect cost (Gosselin et al. 2013). This research proposal is the part of the responsibility given to me by the Head of Human Resources of International Conglomerates (IC) to conduct a research project concerning performance management. The IC proposes to identify why the level of absenteeism across their sales divisions markedly above the industry average since the last five years. The organisation operates sales teams across three sites in France, India, and Brazil. The number of employees in each team are as follows: France 55; India 123; Brazil 35. Each team is led by a regional sales manager who reports directly to the Head of Sales in each country. The first part of the proposal involves current literature review on the topic and investigates the causes of absenteeism. The rationale for investigating this topic is plethora of literature available on the absenteeism and loss of business productivity in the sales division. Research Aim and objectives A workplace is a complex environment and is affected by several problems. One of the main affecting factors is the absenteeism. Few small factors can affect absenteeism in a great way. However, the cumulative effect of these small factors have a huge impact. Therefore, the research aims to interact with the employees and the managers to identify the cause of rate of absenteeism above the industry average in three sites of the organisation that is France, India, and Brazil. It will help to identify if human resource management strategies align with the evidenced based options available in literature. Based on the data collection the researcher intends to suggest any measure to reduce absenteeism. The objectives of research are: To identifying the factors contributing to absenteeism in the target organisation To assess the impact of the problem on organisation Recommend preventive strategies to reduce absenteeism and performance management Literature review Before finalising the topic of the research, it was decided to check the feasibility of the investigation. Firstly, the availability and accessibility of the relevant data and information is checked. A quick examination of online databases and libraries indicated a presence of rich data on absenteeism. The rationale for investigating this subject is personal interest industrial relation where the topic absenteeism and its significance was explored. The impact of absenteeism can be felt directly by the organisation. It was found from the literature review that there are no underlying theories on the chosen subject. However, there are several theories explaining why an employee fails to attend the work. The available information and statistics highlights that absenteeism is the growing problem in many parts of the world. This is the area of high concern among the manager and the researchers. In UK and US the absenteeism crisis in workplace is high prevalent. The most effected with this crisis are small and medium sized enterprises and absenteeism involves both genuine and non-genuine causes (Tillett et al. 2015). Due to this absenteeism trend, the businesses in UK are losing around 7 days a year per employee. In UK, 23% of the firms report non-genuine absences. It is the primary cause of the short-term time off workmainly for the non-manual workers. Currently, the British firms are losing productivity worth of a week, which is found to have detrimental effect on their bottom lines. According to Soane et al. (2013), the cause of absence in majority of cases is due to illness and domestic reasons. The other common cause is accidents out of work and in workplace. A company sick pay scheme is the cause of absenteeism in 8% of the cases and the nature of the work and stress in 5% of the cases. Apart from the absence due to sickness, other absences are taken which are avoidable. It may include stressors in job environment, individual work ethic and characteristics, human resource management and company leadership policy. The cause of absenteeism due to relationships at workplace is found in 2% of cases and is mainly related to depression and anxiety at workplace. Therefore, it is important to know the exact cause of absenteeism and if it is avoidable (Merrill et al. 2013). Mowday et al. (2013) examined the cause of absenteeism and found that it cannot be explained in single factor. The paper explained the psychology of the employee abseteesim. There are multiple factors contributing to the absenteeism at job which includes nature of job, characteristics of employee, employees commitment, culture of the workplace, and extrinsic motivation at workplace. According to the equity and exchange theory an employee expects a reward as a fair exchange of what they have contributed to the business in terms of knowledge, skills and commitment. Therefore, rewards may be related to the extrinsic motivation such as pay and benefits and intrinsic motivation such as job satisfaction. Bhui et al. (2012) highlighted that ability to attend office, job satisfaction and work pressure together determines absenteeism. Stringent conditions in workplace may affect the ability to attend. Some may prefer not to take absent out of fear of losing the job. Mowday et al. (2013) studi ed that increased rate of absenteeism is related to management of absenteeism. It may happen due to firms not able to monitor the absence levels. Firms should be able to control the rate of absenteeism. Any reluctance at its end will reduce the pressure on the management to correct the problem. There are several negative implications of employee absenteeism. It increases unnecessary cost to productivity. The direct cost is the sick pay schemes of the company which together with other leaves and holidays may add to the companys burden. Many other indirect costs are quantifiable. The financial burden on many firms is increasing and adding to unnecessary repercussions for productivity. Replacing an absent worker with other person increases surplus of staff to maintain business productivity. There is a huge waste of managements time due to reorganisation of schedules. The shortage of staff adds burden on other working members in the organisation. It may lead to job stress and burn out among the remaining employees. If the absenteeism is proliferated, it may lead to absence mentality and acceptance of absconding behaviour (Deery et al. 2014). The set of strategies used by the human managers to reduce absenteeism include improved communication, employee commitment, discipline, return to work interview and incentives. The study executed by Kehoe and Wright (2013) showed that organisation implementing control measures to prevent absenteeism helps reduce the problem. Lack of trained supervisors, managers fails to counsel employee and control absence. If the managers have high commitment for their profession it s reflected in their behaviour which in turn have impact on labour turnover, job performance and absenteeism. High level of commitment among the employees leads to strong belief in accepting the organizations values and goals. Commitment helps the organization to exert considerable effort to retain manpower which is the main goal of human resource manager (). Most firms experiencing high rate of absenteeism is due to low level of effort given by the human resource department to eliminate absenteeism. Lack of disciplinar y practices in the organization is the other major cause of increased absenteeism (). The corrective action for human resource managers is to set minimum standards of attendance and other disciplinary control. Those firms having strategy for employee motivation in terms of innovative incentive and bonus schemes have reduced absenteeism. In some firms with low absenteeism it was found that non-financial benefits have been more effective in reducing absenteeism (Gosselin Lemyre and Corneil 2013). It can be concluded from the literature review that absenteeism is the cumulative effect of individual characteristics and organizational response to the cues. Research design and Methodology Paradigm of Enquiry The paradigm of enquiry for this research proposal is positivism research philosophy, descriptive research design and deductive research approach. Both primary and secondary data will be collected for investigating why the absenteeism rate is more than the industry average in the target organisation. Both quantitative and qualitative research paradigm will be used for this study. The research will employ survey and interview method for data collection from the participants selected using both probability and non-probability sampling method. Precautions have been taken to ensure the reliability and the validity of the research. Research Methodology The research methodology is the structure of the research, which consist of the method outline and the research onion. The methodology analyses the research philosophy, design and approach with rationale for its use in the research proposal. It also includes data collection, sampling technique, and research ethics. Research onion is used to conclude the research methodology. The different layers of the research onion act as a framework to conduct the research in the systematic manner (Keraminiyage 2013). Figure : Research Onion (Source: Keraminiyage 2013) The four types of research philosophies are pragmatism, interpretivism, positivism and realism. The realism philosophy is the longitudinal study and the data given by the participants is assumed to reflects the research findings. The Interpretivism is used to interpret the data as a respondent and is a cross-sectional study. It does not involve data testing rather data is constructed using human reasoning and perceptions. It is therefore, considered inappropriate for this research. For this study, positivism philosophy will be used which assumes that the facts already existing in the universe can be scientifically analysed. It is justified because it aligns well with the deductive process. It is justified because the empirical data collected can be used to test the existing theories (Creswell, 2013). There are two types of research approach including deductive and inductive. In deductive approach or waterfall approach, a complex data is converted into a simpler form using quantitative research paradigm. On the other hand, the inductive approach involves building of a theory or hypothesis and involves qualitative approach. Inductive approach is suitable for exploring a subject using how and why inquiries. For this research, deductive approach is used. It is appropriate for the study because a research is conducted based on the existing research and theories. The subjective data collected from the employees on absenteeism needs to be confirmed with the secondary data. Due to time constraint there is no scope of building new theory therefore inductive approach is avoided (Barratt et al. 2015). Research design The framework or plan that guides the research study, data collection and analysis is referred to research design (Kelly et l. 2014). The steps of research design is given below- (Created by author) Problem definition is the first step in the research process. If the research problem is not clearly defined the research objectives will also turn wrong thus making the entire process a big waste of time (Kelly et al. 2014). This is the critical stage and the defined problem is to establish the reason for absenteeism rate above the industry average in the target organisation X. This creates an excellent opportunity to the managers to assess the situation and rectify the problem. Without research design it is difficult to attain the research aims and objectives. Research design directs the exploration involving procedural steps. There are three types of research design, which are explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. Exploratory research is used when a research issue is to be comprehend but is not discussed anywhere in exhaustive manner. Therefore, exploratory research builds a ground for exploration. The explanatory research on the other hand helps in data collection and selection of subject. This helps in enquiring an issue in details and establishes a relationship between set of variables. However, descriptive approach is used where the research issue is well known and can be investigated using top to bottom approach and in-depth analysis (Pickard 2013). Descriptive approach is suitable for this purpose as it will help to analyse and find out as to what and how the employees are take more week offs then scheduled. Data Collection Methods The major stage of any research process is the collection of data. This step ensures obtaining the relevant information pertaining to the subject. There re two types of data used in the research project including primary and the secondary data. When data is directly collected from the respondents or the research participants it is called as primary data. On the other hand, the data collected from the journals, books, newspapers and other databases is referred as secondary data (Sarantakos 2012). In this research the primary data will be collected from the employees and managers of the three sales division of the target organisation X to know why the rate of absenteeism has exceeded the industry average. The nature of the data collected can be both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data is the numeric data represented by charts and graphs. Qualitative data is the descriptive data that includes themes and patterns and are non-numeric in nature (Taylor et al. 2015). This resear ch proposes the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. It is also referred as Mix method and is used for gaining a detailed perspective on the research problem, which is the cause of increased absenteeism in recent years in the target organisation. For any research project, it is essential to have an appropriate instrument to collect the desired data. In academic research, there are multitudes of research instrument available such as interview, questionnaire, focus groups, experiments and observations (Pickard 2012). The collection of data and the instrument to be used is guided by academia and literature to give legitimacy and reliability of the research. For quantitative data collection survey questionnaire will be used. The questionnaire will be given to 54 employees randomly selected from three sales division France, Brazil and India. The questionnaire includes close-ended Likert scale response. The responses are graded as Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, and Strongly Agree. The quantitative data is collected with the aim to ensure the generalisability of the data and to obtain specific response pertaining to the problem area. During the development of the questionnaire the chance of bias response and errors will be eliminated (Creswell 2013). For qualitative data collection, interview method is used. Interview will be conducted with the regional managers and the human resource managers. For this research the interview will be conducted for 40 minutes. The purpose of descriptive data is to gain broad perspective based on the employees and managerial responses. Therefore, the interview will be based open-ended questions (Pickard 2012). Data Analysis procedures/techniques Data analysis is a high-risk task as any misinterpretation of the data may result in obtaining wrong information. It may defeat the very purpose of research. Qualitative data analysis- is performed by observational analysis. The employees and managerial responses were analysed by coding the transcripts from the audio-recorded interview. Themes are developed from the transcript and is analysed with the help of literature (Creswell 2013). Quantitative data analysis- distinct responses are obtained from the likert scale questionnaire. To analyse the scattered and the diverge responses the data will be converted to frequencies and percentages using SPSS tool. In quantitative data, it is easy to derive the research outcomes using central tendency. It will help in presenting the data in the form of tables and charts to get a generalised and inferential view (Treiman 2014). Sampling Appropriate sampling method is necessary which if failed may lead to contamination of the data and reduce the overall quality of the findings. Either probability or non-probability sampling technique can be used in the research. In this research both sampling methods are used. In Simple Random Sampling Technique, which is a probability, sampling a randomised process is employed for selecting the participants. This method prevents the contamination by human interference (Thompson 2013) Convenience Sampling Technique, which is a non probability sampling the participants are selected in biased manner to obtain insightful responses on the chosen topic (Mitchell and Jolley 2012). It is used for selecting the 3 regional managers. For this research proposal a total of 60 participants are chosen involving regional (3) and human resource managers (3) and employees (54) from three sites France, Brazil and India. Ethical Issues Ethical issues are inevitable when participating in research and the researchers are accountable for their own ethical conduct. In the process of research design, ethics is an important part. It helps in planning the data collection method, requesting access to organisation and the respondents for reporting the data. All the guidelines in the Data Protection Act 1998 will be complied while conducting the research (Barratt et al. 2015). When conducting this research, precautions will be taken to ensure confidentiality and privacy of the data collected. A written consent will be given to the participants that the information shared will not be used for any commercial purposes. The research values building trust with the respondents. A potential mentor was consulted to resolve issues while developing questionnaires. Participants will be given autonomy to respond to the questions without exerting external pressure (Deterding et al. 2015). Research timeline The subsequent levels of research onion is directed by the time horizon. Crossectional examination and longitudinal research are the two types of time horizons used in research. The longitudinal timeline is not used here as it is applicable for long term studies and for managing the gagging changes in this period (Treiman 2014). Since the time accessible is constraint cross sectional time line is used as it includes studying specific event at a particular time. Therefore, the research aims to complete the survey and interview process in 8 weeks time. The total research process is intended to complete in 10 weeks of time. The timeline of the research helps on to decide upon the sequence of events that needs to be carried out in the research. Task Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Selection of topic of Research and Justification Construction of literature Selection of appropriate methods Data collection Data analysis and representation Reviewing the outcomes Conclusions and recommendations Submitting draft of the project Printing and final submission Table : Time line of the research References Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A. and Lenton, S., 2015. Hidden populations, online purposive sampling, and external validity: Taking off the blindfold.Field Methods,27(1), pp.3-21. Bhui, K.S., Dinos, S., Stansfeld, S.A. and White, P.D., 2012. A synthesis of the evidence for managing stress at work: a review of the reviews reporting on anxiety, depression, and absenteeism.Journal of Environmental and Public Health,2012. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Deery, S., Walsh, J. and Zatzick, C.D., 2014. A moderated mediation analysis of job demands, presenteeism, and absenteeism.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(2), pp.352-369. Deterding, S., Canossa, A., Harteveld, C., Cooper, S., Nacke, L.E. and Whitson, J.R., 2015, April. Gamifying Research: Strategies, Opportunities, Challenges, Ethics. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2421-2424). ACM. Gosselin, E., Lemyre, L. and Corneil, W., 2013. Presenteeism and absenteeism: Differentiated understanding of related phenomena.Journal of occupational health psychology,18(1), p.75. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kelly, A.E., Lesh, R.A. and Baek, J.Y., 2014.Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching. Routledge. Keraminiyage, K., 2013. Research Methodology: what the nested model and the research onion have to say. InPostgraduate workshop. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, p.1524839915580941. Merrill, R.M., Aldana, S.G., Pope, J.E., Anderson, D.R., Coberley, C.R., Grossmeier, J.J. and Whitmer, R.W., 2013. Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,55(1), pp.10-18. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Pickard, A.J., 2013.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Sarantakos, S., 2012.Social research. Palgrave Macmillan. Soane, E., Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The association of meaningfulness, well?being, and engagement with absenteeism: a moderated mediation model.Human Resource Management,52(3), pp.441-456. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W. ed., 2013.Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters. Island Press. Tillett, W., Shaddick, G., Askari, A., Cooper, A., Creamer, P., Clunie, G., Helliwell, P.S., Kay, L., Korendowych, E., Lane, S. and Packham, J., 2015. Factors influencing work disability in psoriatic arthritis: first results from a large UK multicentre study.Rheumatology,54(1), pp.157-162. Treiman, D.J., 2014.Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons.

Essay about Zoology Example For Students

Essay about Zoology The study of zoology can be viewed as a series of efforts to analyse and classify animals. Attempts at classification as early as 400 BC are known from documents in the Hippocratic Collection. Aristotle, however, was the first to devise a system of classifying animals that recognized a basic unity of plan among diverse organisms; he arranged groups of animals according to mode of reproduction and habitat. Observing the development of such animals as the dogfish, chick, and octopus, he noted that general structures appear before specialized ones, and he also distinguished between asexual and sexual reproduction. His Historia Animalium contains accurate descriptions of extant animals of Greece and Asia Minor. He was also interested in form and structure and concluded that different animals can have similar embryological origins and that different structures can have similar functions. In Roman times Pliny the Elder compiled four volumes on zoology in his 37-volume treatise called Historia Naturalis. Although widely read during the Middle Ages, they are little more than a collection of folklore, myth, and superstition. One of the more influential figures in the history of physiology, the Greek physician Galen, dissected farm animals, monkeys, and other mammals and described many features accurately, although some were wrongly applied to the human body. His misconceptions, especially with regard to the movement of blood, remained virtually unchanged for hundreds of years. In the 17th century, the English doctor William Harvey established the true mechanism of blood circulation. Until the Middle Ages, zoology was a conglomeration of folklore, superstition, misconception, and descriptions of animals, but during the 12th century it began to emerge as a science. Perhaps the most important naturalist of the era was the German scholar St Albertus Magnus, who denied many of the superstitions associated with biology and reintroduced the work of Aristotle. The anatomical studies of Leonardo da Vinci were far in advance of the age. His dissections and comparisons of the structure of humans and other animals led him to important conclusions. He noted, for example, that the arrangement of joints and bones in the leg are similar in both horses and humans, thus grasping the concept of homology (the similarity of corresponding parts in different kinds of animals, suggesting a common grouping). The value of his work in anatomy was not recognized in his time. Instead, the Belgian doctor Andreas Vesalius is considered the father of anatomy; he circulated his writings and established the principles of comparative anatomy. Classification dominated zoology throughout most of the 17th and 18th centuries. The Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of nomenclature and classification that is still used today—the binomial system of genus and species—and established taxonomy as a discipline. He followed the work of the English naturalist John Ray in relying upon the form of teeth and toes to differentiate mammals and upon beak shape to classify birds. Another leading systematist of this era was the French biologist Comte Georges Leclerc de Buffon. The study of comparative anatomy was extended by such men as Georges Cuvier, who devised a systematic organization of animals based on specimens sent to him from all over the world. Although the word cell was introduced in the 17th century by the English scientist Robert Hooke, it was not until 1839 that two Germans, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, proved that the cell is the common structural unit of living things. The cell concept provided impetus for progress in embryology, founded by the Russian scientist Karl von Baer, and for the development by a Frenchman, Claude Bernard, of the study of animal physiology, including the concept of homeostasis (the stability of the bodys internal environment). .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .postImageUrl , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:hover , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:visited , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:active { border:0!important; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:active , .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350 .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u461b7c53b8c08946de77f6d965161350:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Path I'll Take: ZoologyThe organization of scientific expeditions in the 18th and 19th centuries gave trained observers the opportunity to study plant and animal life throughout the world. The most famous expedition was the voyage of the Beagle in the early 1830s. During this voyage, Charles Darwin observed the plant and animal life of South America and Australia and developed his theory of evolution by natural selection. Although Darwin recognized the importance of heredity in understanding the evolutionary process, he was unaware of the work of a contemporary, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, who first formulated the concept of particulate hereditary factors—later called genes. Mendels work remained obscure until 1900. Current Studies: In the 20th century zoology has become more diversified and less confined to such traditional concerns as classification and anatomy. Broadening its range to include such studies as genetics, ecology, and biochemistry, zoology has become an interdisciplinary field applying a great variety of techniques to obtain knowledge of the animal kingdom. The current study of zoology has two main focuses: on particular taxonomic groups, and on the structures and processes common to most of them. Taxonomically oriented studies concentrate on the different divisions of animal life. Invertebrate zoology deals with multicellular animals without backbones; its subdivisions include entomology (the study of insects) and malacology (the study of molluscs). Vertebrate zoology, the study of animals with backbones, is divided into ichthyology (fish), herpetology (amphibians and reptiles), ornithology (birds), and mammalogy (mammals). Palaeontology, the study of fossils, is subdivided by taxonomic groups. In each of these fields, researchers investigate the classification, distribution, life cycle, and evolutionary history of the particular animal or group of animals under study. Most zoologists are also specialists in one or more of the process-oriented disciplines described below. Morphology, the study of structure, includes gross morphology, which examines entire structures or systems, such as muscles or bones; histology, which examines body tissues; and cytology, which focuses on cells and their components. Many great advances made in cytology in recent years are attributable to the electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope. Special staining techniques and radioactive isotopic tracers have been used to differentiate structural detail at the molecular level. Methods have been developed for mapping neural connections between parts of the brain and for stimulating and recording impulses from specific brain sites and even individual nerve cells. Physiology, the study of function, is closely associated with morphology. An important subdivision is cellular physiology, which is closely related to molecular biology. Another active field, physiological ecology, studies the physical responses of animals to their environment. Much of this work has been carried out on desert, arctic, and ocean animals that must survive extremes of temperature or pressure. Animal behavioural studies developed along two lines. The first of these, animal psychology, is primarily concerned with physiological psychology and has traditionally concentrated on laboratory techniques such as conditioning. The second, ethology, had its origins in observations of animals under natural conditions, concentrating on courtship, flocking, and other social contacts. Both subdisciplines have recently merged in large areas of investigation, the same scientists using field and laboratory observations and incorporating many experimental techniques from neurology. Perhaps the most important recent development in the field is the concentration on sociobiology, which is concerned with the behaviour, ecology, and evolution of social animals such as bees, ants, schooling fish, flocking birds, and humans. Sociobiology is still in its infancy and is quite controversial, chiefly because it has raised anew the old dispute about whether behaviour is genetically determined. Embryology, the study of the development of individual animals, has investigated the way in which developing parts interact—for example, the interactions between the eyestalk and the epidermis during development of the lens of the eye. The emerging field of molecular development applies the techniques of molecular biology, including molecular genetics, to the finest and most obscure embryological details. .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .postImageUrl , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:hover , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:visited , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:active { border:0!important; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:active , .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0d80b2bf0edbcbe854bf9b44a06a39b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Role of Husbandry in The Health and Well-being of Exotic Animals in CaptivityThe study of the interactions between animals and their environment is known as ecology. Primary attention is given to the complex pattern of interactions among the many species constituting a community. Ecology has been central to the development of conservation and environmental control during the past 20 years. It has revealed the deleterious effects of pesticides and industrial pollutants and has provided important insights into wiser management of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Evolutionary zoology, which draws on all of the fields just mentioned, is concerned with the mechanisms of evolutionary change—speciation and adaptation—and with the evolutionary history of animal groups. Particularly relevant to evolutionary studies are systematics, phylogenetics, palaeontology, and zoogeography. Systematics deals with the delineation and description of animal species and with their arrangement into a classification. Phylogenetics is the study of the developmental history of groups of animals. Zoogeography, the study of the distribution of animals over the Earth, is closely related to ecology and systematics.

Ok Cheater free essay sample

Business organisations often use professional specialist agencies to help them produce an effective campaign that will achieve the promotional objectives. A good campaign must also use the right media. †¢Explain the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign. (P3). †¢Benefits of using professional advertising agencies (M2) †¢Explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign (P4) †¢Evaluate an existing national marketing campaign (D2) 2. Explain how professional advertising agencies can contribute to the promotional success of a selected product. (include in your answer a couple examples of the advertising used in the Orange Wednesday campaign (P3) 2. 2 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using professional agencies in ensuring the promotional success. (Remember, not all advertising campaigns are successful and advertising agencies can significantly affect whether the campaign is successful or not. There a disadvantages to using an advertising agency, which need to be carefully considered) (M2) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ok Cheater or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 Explain the general factors that have to be considered when selecting appropriate media for a successful. Evaluate fully an existing national marketing campaign. (Evaluation is about considering in detail the advantages and disadvantages of something and coming to conclusions as a result of this analysis. Was the campaign worth the effort? ) (D2) Task 4: YOUR OWN CAMPAIGN – PRESENTATION (P5 M3) Design a promotional campaign for a given product/service to meet the needs of a given campaign/creative brief (P5) †¢Provide a rationale for the promotional campaign (M3) Scenario: Due to large commitments at Red Agency you have been asked to participate in the creation and design of an ad campaign for a given product to meet the needs of a given campaign / creative brief. You also have a preference to pick which project to part take in You are required to choose 1 of the 3 situations from the campaign briefs stated below: A new cafe established to specialise in the sale of ethical food brands. The owner wants to attract customers that have a passion for the cause. The budget for the campaign is ? 8,000, required campaign length is 2 weeks during the launch of the business. -A successful health and fitness club is opening a new branch 5 minutes away from the Paddington campus of CWC. The owners have identified students at the college as target customers and are hoping to attract a large number of students to sign up for 25% discounted annual contracts.

Film sequence Essays

Film sequence Essays Film sequence Essay Film sequence Essay Focus on how one or more of the mise-en-scene, performance, cinematography, editing and sound create meaning and generate a response in a film sequence.* The clip must be a complete sequence of no more than 7 minutes in length* If the sequence is a complex one, it may be much shorter than 7 minutes.I have chosen to look at the final 7 minutes of the film saw. I will be looking at the use of sound and mise-en-scene and what affect this has on the audience. I will start from the scene where Lawrence cuts of his foot and I will only be looking at the scenes involving Lawrence and Alex.There arent a lot of non-diegetic sounds used in this sequence but the effect of that is that it makes the sequence appear more realistic to the audience therefore making it scarier. Diegetic sound is used most throughout the sequence and example of the use of diegetic sound is the tape recorder found later in the sequence. At the Beginning of the scene, Alex is screaming and shouting at Lawrence telling h im dont do it, we can sort this out! The tone of Alexs voice scares the audience as he sounds scared which adds to the horror of Lawrence cutting of his foot. We can also hear Lawrences screams of pain, which are slightly muffled from his shirt. The fact that we can still hear his screams loudly shows how much he is screaming making this scene seem realistic to the audience.As the scene progresses, we can see Lawrence getting weaker and one way that we know he is getting weaker is the dramatic change in his voice before and after cutting his foot. We hear him screaming and shouting loudly in the scene before, then once he cuts of his foot, his voice becomes quieter and deeper with gasps in between sentences, this shows that he is really weak and finds it difficult to speak.We get to the point where Lawrence gets the gun and points it at Alex. Alex voice shows his fear of dying and we can also hear the sorrow in Lawrences voice as he says You have to die. This makes the audience feel sorry for both characters and leaves us wondering what will be happening next.Once Lawrence shoots Alex, he breaks down and cries saying there, Ive done it, now show them to me. The sobs in between sentences show his upset. The character Zep enters the room and we can hear the anger in Lawrence voice as he shouts. You can also hear the fact that the gun now has no bullets as Lawrence tries to shoot Zep. We can also hear the anger in Alexs voice as he gets up and hits Zep with part of the toilet. From this we can hear the toilet hitting Zep and we can also here his head smashing from the power of the hit. This leaves the audience shocked as they though Alex was dead and that Lawrence was going to die.Once Lawrence has left the room, we can hear Alex looking through Zeps pockets then he comes across a tape recorder. He plays it and its the same voice that was on their tape recorder shown early in the film. This leaves the audience and Alex confused as the tape tells Zep that he has t o keep them hostage. Know the audience is wondering who is the Jigsaw killer?We can hear Alexs breathing increase which creates fear and increases the tension for the audience. An uneasy music begins to play gradually getting louder and faster which increases the tension for the audience. The man who we as the audience though was dead gets up, as he does, the music increases and so does Alexs breathing. The music helps create shock from this character up rise and puts more fear on Alexs character. The music play is Non Diegetic as we as the audience can hear but Alex cant. the music helps show the atmosphere of the scene, the fact that its uneasy puts the audience on edge and wonder what is about to happen.When the dead man speaks we recognise his voice as the same one as on the tape recorder and Alex and the audience become aware that he is the Jigsaw killer, this shocks the audience that the Jigsaw killer had been there the whole time.There is then a montage that shows different s cenes throughout the film which makes sense of the whole movie. As the montage progresses, the music playing over the top speeds up and so does the length of scene change. This scares the audience but makes them realise the whole film as it runs through the whole lot and we can see how everything is relevant. As the music increases so does the audiences heart rate which increases the fear in this scene.As we get towards the end of the film we hear a voiceover of the Jigsaw killer saying some people are so un grateful to be alive and we see the Jigsaw leave the room and before he slams the door we hear him say game over this scares the audience. As the scene finishes all we see is blackness and we can hear Alexs screams over the credits. This leaves the audience feeling uneasy and asking questions like will Alex survive? What happened to Lawrence? Does the Jigsaw killer ever get caught?There are loads if factors that affect the mise-en-scene. I will be focusing on the set design, the use of make up, the use of props and the use of lighting and looking at the affect this has on the tension in the film.The set design is in a bathroom and its dirty and broken with a dead body in the centre. This makes the area look horrible which adds to the horror iconology. The pipes and chains make it seem like a prison and theyre constricted, this helps create fear with the audience. The fact that theres no windows and one door thats locked gives the feeling of isolation and restriction which leaves the audience feeling uneasy and on edge.There is a good use of make up on Lawrence as there is the blood from his foot which makes it look like hes actually cutting it of. Then also as the scene progresses we see him getting paler and his skin colour turning slightly blue. There is also make up on the dead man as it looks like his head has been smashed even though he is alive.There is minor use of props as there is only simple ones such as a saw, a gun and a tape recorder. The tap e recorder is the only prop that isnt used as a weapon which leaves the audience asking questions as to who the jigsaw killer is once the tape recorder is discovered.The lighting in these scenes is very simple as the bathroom is lit using a blue filter which makes the bathroom seem colder and more depressing. At the end of the sequence, the lights are turned of by Jigsaw and there is a green light behind him witch shows his outline. This makes Jigsaw seem mysterious as we cant see him it also suggests that hes secretive and theres still stuff we dont know. Once the door is shut, there is complete blackness and nothing can be seen, this creates fear with the audience as it plays on the childhood fear of the dark.

The Primary Benefits of Telenursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Primary Benefits of Telenursing - Assignment Example The e-health practice is applicable in various avenues such as remote monitoring and patient consultations (Kumar & Snooks, 2011). Ethics is a core concept in nursing because of the sensitivity of the practice. Almost all nursing institutions incorporate the study of ethics in their curriculum in order to enable learners to practice fairly and efficiently in the field. The ethical principals in nursing entail caring, communication and relations between the nurses and the patients. These ethical principals provide guidelines to telenurses in an ethical dilemma situation. Telenursing has various ethical dilemmas like in cases where a third party person (relative) calls the telenurse on behalf of the patient. In this case, the ethical dilemma entails a conflict between the relative’s and patient’s autonomy as well as the telenurse’s desire to help (Kumar & Snooks, 2011). In addition, telenursing has other ethical issues such as confidentiality of the information because the patients rely on different methods of communication to explain their condition. Additionally, the information provided to the nurses may lack credibility especially in situations where the patient is a minor, and they cannot comprehend their condition effectively. Ethical principles such as listening and communication abilities enable the telenurses to establish a particular condition in a patient effectively. The nurses also apply various ethical principles to resolve a situation where the interests of the concerned parties’ conflict during a telenursing process (Kumar & Snooks).

McDonalds Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

McDonalds Business Strategy - Essay Example By 1968, the chain comprised 1,000 units, which rose to 5,000 units by 1978. By 2001, the company operated around 30,000 units worldwide. Whilst keeping menus limited, McDonald's diversified its range from its original hamburgers and cheeseburgers. In 1964, the company launched its Filet-o-Fish sandwich, followed by signature burger the Big Mac in 1968, Happy Meals in 1979 and Chicken McNuggets in 1983. (Keynote, 2003; Leitch; 2004) While the majority of sales remain concentrated on burgers and fries, drinks and desserts are important and the brand periodically experiments with other menu additions, such as salads and local specialities. McDonald’s currently gearing up for the introduction of a new salad range in 2006. The late-1990s saw McDonald's shift its focus, as burger fast food, especially in the US, seemed dangerously crowded and mature. Consequently, McDonald’s focused on diversification, introducing new menu items and aiming to attract a more adult demographic, while retaining its core consumer base of children. 2000 saw the introduction of salads, low-fat desserts and a wider choice of chicken and fish burgers. The company also began to relax the McDonald's formula, introducing more regional menu variations and experimenting with new formats, such as cafà ©s and kiosks. This strategy of diversification also resulted in a number of acquisitions during the review period, seeing a shift away from its traditional single-brand focus. In 1998, McDonald’s purchased London-based coffee chain Aroma and in 1999 and 2000 McDonald’s purchased US chains Donatos Pizzeria with an emphasis on â€Å"home-cooked meal† style fast food. ... The company also began to relax the McDonald's formula, introducing more regional menu variations and experimenting with new formats, such as cafs and kiosks. This strategy of diversification also resulted in a number of acquisitions during the review period, seeing a shift away from its traditional single-brand focus. In 1998, McDonald's purchased London-based coffee chain Aroma and in 1999 and 2000 McDonald's purchased US chains Donatos Pizzeria (Ohio based), Mexican self-service cafeteria brand Chipotle (Denver based) and Boston Market with an emphasis on "home-cooked meal" style fast food. Beyond acquisitions, McDonald's also made a series of strategic investments. In February 2001, McDonald's acquired a minority interest (33%) in the British sandwich chain Pret a Manger. In 2002, McDonald's formed a joint venture with Fazoli's, a fast casual Italian restaurant concept based in Lexington, Kentucky, to develop 20-30 Fazoli's restaurants in the US. (Leitch; 2004) This also gave McDonald's the option to purchase the entire company at a later date. The company also opened its first multibranded unit, offering Boston Market, Donatos and McDonald's. However, these acquisitions did not prove wholly successful. In 2002, the company experienced a difficult year, culminating in its first ever quarterly loss. This poor performance was partly due to weak economies in Latin America and APMEA (Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa) and to increasing competition in mature US and Western European fast food. However, the company also felt that its strategy of brand diversification was d iluting its focus on core brand McDonald's. In 2002, Aroma was sold to Caff Nero and in 2003